Archive for October 23, 2014

Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism

October 23, 2014 / admin / No comments

Cancer Patients

Patients with cancer have a sixfold increased risk of VTE compared to those without cancer. Active cancer accounts for almost 20% of all new VTE events occurring in the community. Furthermore, VTE is one of the most common complications seen in cancer patients. Unfortunately, there are few data that allow one to predict which cancer patients will develop VTE. The risk varies by cancer type, and is especially high among patients with malignant brain tumors and adenocarcinoma of the ovary, pancreas, colon, stomach, lung, prostate, and kidney. However, more specific risk estimates of VTE by cancer type, stage, and treatment approaches are still largely unknown. Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism

As discussed in other sections of this article, cancer patients undergoing surgery have at least twice the risk of postoperative DVT and more than three times the risk of fatal PE than noncancer patients who are undergoing similar procedures viagra and cialis online. Cancer is also an independent predictor of lack of response to prophylaxis (ie, the development of postoperative DVT despite the use of prophylaxis).

There is strong evidence that LDUH effectively reduces the risk of DVT and fatal PE following cancer surgery. LMWH is at least as efficacious as LDUH in surgical oncology patients. In cancer surgery, the dose of prophylactic anticoagulants is important. For example, among gynecologic oncology patients, dosing of LDUH three times daily was more efficacious than twice-daily dosing. Among general surgical patients with underlying malignancy, prophylaxis with dalteparin, 5,000 U SC once daily, was more efficacious than with a dose of 2,500 U. Two clinical trials in cancer surgery patients have shown that the continuation of LMWH prophylaxis for 3 weeks after hospital discharge reduced the risk of late venographic DVT by 60%.

Nonsurgical cancer therapies also increase the risk of VTE. For example, in two large clinical trials of women with node-negative breast cancer, the 5-year incidence of VTE was 0.2% in those who received placebo, 0.9% in those who received tamoxifen, and 4.2% in those who received tamoxifen plus chemotherapy. Furthermore, the risk of VTE in women with stage II breast cancer declined dramatically once chemotherapy was complet-ed. Compared to patients without cancer, those receiving cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy have a 6.5-fold increased risk of VTE. Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy account for 13% of the overall burden of VTE in the population. In the only clinical trial of thromboprophylaxis during chemotherapy, 311 women with metastatic breast cancer received either very-low-dose warfarin (INR range, 1.3 to 1.9) or placebo.

Pathology of ABPA and Viagra online canadian pharmacy

October 13, 2014 / admin / No comments

Environmental factors are not considered the main pathogenetic factors because not all asthmatics develop ABPA despite being exposed to the same environment. In a genetically predisposed individual (Table 2), inhaled conidia of A fumigatus persist and germinate into hyphae with release of antigens that compromise the mucociliary clearance, stimulate and breach the airway epithelial barrier, and activate the innate immunity of the lung. This leads to inflammatory cell influx and a resultant early- and late-phase inflammatory reaction. The antigens are also processed presented to T-cells with activation of Th2 CD4+ T-cell responses. The Th2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, and IL-13) lead to total and A fumigatus-specific IgE synthesis, mast cell degranulation, and promotion of a strong eosinophilic response. This causes the characteristic pathology of ABPA. ED canadian pharmacy

Pathology of ABPA

The pathology of ABPA varies from patient to patient, and in different areas of the lung in the same patient (Fig 2). Histologic examination reveals the presence of mucus, fibrin, Curschmann spirals, Charcot-Leyden crystals, and inflammatory cells. Scanty hyphae can often be demonstrated in the bronchiectatic cavities. The bronchial wall in ABPA is usually infiltrated by inflammatory cells, primarily the eosinophils. The peribronchial parenchyma shows an inflammatory response with conspicuous eosinophilia. Occasionally, fungal growth in the lung parenchyma can occur in some patients with ABPA. Patients can also demonstrate a pattern similar to that of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumo-nia. Bronchocentric granulomatosis, the presence of noncaseating granulomas containing eosinophils and multinucleated giant cells centered on the airway, are also seen. Rarely, invasive aspergillosis complicating the course of ABPA has also been described.

Clinical Features of Viagra online pharmacy

There is no gender predilection and majority of the cases present in the third to fourth decade. A family history of ABPA may be elicited occasionally. Table 3 summarizes the clinical features of ABPA encountered in three large series from our institute.

Atrophic airway

October 8, 2014 / admin / No comments

In the patients with dry cough, the airway mucosa was atrophic with a conspicuously rich, slender vascular network and without any secretion, ie, quite opposite to the asthmatic airway inflammation which is characterized by a swollen, hyperemic, edematous mucous membrane with plenty of secretion. Another asthma characteristic, increased bronchial responsiveness, was found in only a few patients and was by itself not an indication of asthma. It has been demonstrated that bronchial challenges are of low discriminatory value in patients with chronic cough. Autoimmune diseases viagra online for sale  with pulmonary manifestations such as rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disorders, and primary biliary cirrhosis were unlikely to be the cause of cough because no clinical or laboratory signs of such diseases were found.

The dry, atrophic airway mucous membrane indicated the possibility of Sjogren syndrome, an autoimmune disease mostly affecting women. In Sjogren syndrome, infiltration of the bronchial mucosa by CD4+ lymphocytes has been observed. However, alveolitis and bronchiolitis dominated by CD8+ lymphocytes, neutrophils, and/or activated macrophages have also been described in Sjogren syndrome. Furthermore, the diagnostic characteristics of Sjogren syndrome, xerostomia and xerophthalmia, were not present in our patients. Other conditions associated with lymphocytic airway inflammation such as sarcoidosis were excluded by normal chest radiographs, normal levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme and calcium in the blood, and normal CT findings in some selective cases.

In the dry coughers, there was a clear connection between the first appearance of cough and an airway infection coinciding with perimenopause in otherwise healthy women. In the women in whom dry cough started at < 40 years of age, one woman underwent an oophorectomy 2 years prior to the study at the age of 36 years, and the other woman < 40 years of age had symptoms indicating early perimenopause. We have described an accumulation of CD4+ lymphocytes and elevated CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid in healthy, postmenopausal women, a finding that was not observed in men.

Sexual Dysfunction and Erectile Impotence

October 3, 2014 / admin / No comments

We studied 20 men (ages 46 to 69, mean 45 years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEVi of 0*55 to 2.1 L), to determine the relative importance of pulmonary impairment vs other occult physical or psychologic factors in the genesis of sexual dysfunction. Seven subjects had ceased sexual activity concomitant with worsening of their pulmonary symptoms; six because of erectile impotence buy Tadalafil Online  and one due to dyspnea. Frequency of intercourse for the remaining 13 was 16 percent of prelung disease levels, and libido was decreased to 25 percent of premorbid levels. Nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring disclosed that six subjects had organogenic erectile impotence (OEI).

None of the subjects showed signs of peripheral vascular disease as assessed by Doppler examination of peripheral pulses (including penile). The mean bulbocavernosus reflex latency (BCRL) for the OEI group (N = 5) was 40.2 msec, while that for the group with full nocturnal erections (N = 10) was 34.5 msec (P < 0.005). Four subjects had occult diabetes meffitus evident on oral glucose tolerance tests, and one had evidence of an androgen deficit The correlation coefficient for rank by sexual dysfunction vs pulmonary impairment and age was 0.66 (P < 0.005) and 0.24 P > 0.05), respectively.

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Subjects with OEI tended to have the worst pulmonary function test results and the highest T-scores on the hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Data suggest that sexual dysfunction worsens as lung disease worsens and that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be associated with male impotence in the absence of other commonly known causes.

A Ithough there is a large population of male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), only anecdotal reports of sexual dysfunction associated with lung disease have appeared in the literature. We have found that these patients frequently complain of decreasing sexual interest and functional ability.